Powdery mildew is probably the most common vegetable disease
urban gardeners encounter. Those powdery little spots appear mid summer, and by
the end of the summer they’ve covered entire leaves with their fuzzy white
powder. While you might not be so sad to see those overly prolific zucchini decimated, the
cucumbers and pumpkins won’t be far behind. So what causes this disease? Why do
we get it every single year? And what can we do about it?
What causes it?
Powdery mildew is caused by a fungal, “obligate” pathogen. So what does that actually mean? An obligate pathogen means that it requires a
living host, in this case a plant, to reproduce and survive. Think of it like this: the pathogen
wants to hijack the plant's resources for its own benefit, instead of
producing those delicious vegetables. This lifestyle strategy is going to affect
how we manage the disease and how it infects your plants. While powdery mildew
is most common on cucurbits like cucumbers, squashes and melons other plants
such as tomatoes, onions, peppers, chards and even sugar peas. However, many of
these powdery mildew diseases are caused by different fungal species. Because
powdery mildews are obligate pathogens this often means they have a very
specialized relationship with their host plant. The powdery mildew on your
squash is going to be different than the powdery mildew on your tomatoes, and
it can NOT go from one to the other. I'll be providing information about powdery mildew management in general, but some specifics might not be
appropriate for all species.
Where does it come from?
So I’ve just told you that powdery mildew is an obligate
pathogen and it requires a living host. You’re first thought is probably, “If
it requires living plant tissue, and isn’t living in the soil over the winter,
how does it show up every year?” Powdery
mildew is an airborne pathogen. It’s spread as air currents flow across the
U.S. Just because places like Michigan have winter, not all places do. Powdery
mildew can survive in those places, and then as the weather warms it can slowly
creep its way farther north. Even if we could somehow prevent it from moving up
from the south, greenhouse grown plants could be another source of the
pathogen.
Early symptoms of powdery mildew. The small white spots can be rubbed off (but don't rub them otherwise you can spread the pathogen). |
What does it look like?
The symptoms of powdery mildew are pretty much what you
would expect. They start as small white powdery spots, sometimes they’re also a
bit chlorotic (yellow), on the upper sides of the leaf and as time progresses
those spots will expand and spread. Often lower leaves show symptoms first.
Conditions that favor the disease
Powdery mildews like high relative humidity, without a lot
of a leaf wetness (Granke et al 2012). This is one of the reasons the first
leaves to show symptoms are generally the lower leaves. The lower leaves are
more protected from rainfall and are buffered by the surrounding leaves so they
often have a higher relative humidity than upper leaves in the canopy. This is
one reason why adequate plant spacing is so important for minimizing diseases. Low humidity promotes spore dispersal (like tiny airborne seeds), while the high humidity promotes infection (Clemson). Temperature can also be a factor - powdery mildew does not like it too hot, so those hot hot days are not going to be good for the pathogen.
Management
While prevention is the best way to manage a disease, at
this point in the growing season minimizing the effect of disease is the next
best thing. Whether you want to use chemical sprays or organic methods, early
detection of the disease (through scouting) is critical for successful management.
Studies have shown that sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and whole milk can
help minimize the growth and spread of powdery mildew. Baking soda, when used
at a rate of 0.5% (weight per volume) combined with an oil, like SunSpray
Ultra-Fine Spray Oil (also at a rate of 0.5%), reduced disease severity when sprayed on the plant's leaves (Ziv and Zitter
1992). Commercially available products like Kaligreen (82% potassium
bicarbonate) can also help suppress the disease (Mcgrath and Shishkoff 1999). Whole
milk, not skim, reduced disease severity at a higher rate than just baking soda in a
more recent study by Ferrandino and Smith (2007). The authors used a 50% milk to water spray, and did state
that good coverage was needed, however that the cost may be prohibitive for large
areas.
While these are options that should be readily available in
most households, these are not as effective as chemical fungicides when the
disease severity is high. So if you plan to use these products then you should
definitely be careful to scout frequently and do your best to catch it early.
If the infected leaves are few and far between you could easily remove a few
leaves here and there. But likely you will have latent infections (when the
plant is infected but you can’t see the disease symptoms), and you’ll have more
diseased leaves soon.
Don't confuse variegation with powdery mildew. This squash has variegated (patterns of light and dark) leaves, but no powdery mildew. |
Remember, powdery mildews need a living host. This means
that the pathogen’s goal is to make your plants make food for them instead
of you. Your goal is to keep ahead of the pathogen so that your plants can
spend all their photosynthetic energy on making those delicious veggies you
want to eat.
References contributing information in this post:
Clemson University Cooperative Extension bulletin
Ferrandino F.J., and Smith V.L. 2007. The effect of
milk-based foliar sprays on yield components of field pumpkins with powdery
mildew. Crop Protection 26:657 -663.
Granke L.L., Crawford L.E., and Hausbeck M.K. 2012. Factors
affecting airborne concentrations of Podosphaera
xanthii conidia and severity of gerbera powdery mildew. Hortscience
47:1068-1072
Mcgrath M.T, and Shishkoff N. 1999. Evaluation of biocompatible
products for managing cucurbit powdery mildew. Crop Protection 18:471-478.
Ziv O., and Zitter T.A. 1992. Effects of bicarbonates and
film-forming polymers on cucurbit foliar diseases. Plant Disease 76:513-517
Great information--thanks for sharing.
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